10^th International Conference on Liver Diseases & Hepatology December 02-03, 2019 Tokyo, Japan

\r\n The gastrointestinal tract plays dual roles in human physiology one is digestion and uptake of nutrients and another one is the more difficult task of maintaining immune homeostasis i.e protecting the body from harmful microbes. No other system has this unique architecture like functioning and regulating both the systems. The gastrointestinal-associated lymphoid tissue (GALT), which is composed of discrete inductive and effector sites, can differentiate between the harmful and harmless antigens while maintaining the homeostasis. Inductive sites are well organized into specialized gatherings of lymphoid follicles called Peyer's patches, while effector sites are more diffusely Separated. The separation of these sites serves to limit and control the immune responses. In addition to its Unique architecture, the GI tract has specialized immune cells that aid in promoting a tolerogenic response to orally introduced antigens, e.g. subsets of dendritic cells (DCs) and regulatory T-cells, which is produced in many quantities at mucosal surfaces, and it promotes and nurtures an anti-inflammatory environment by neutralizing immune stimulatory antigens.

\r\n Gastroenterology is mainly dealing with the regulation and function from Mouth to the anus, and their disorders. It contains a complete comprehension of their activity (physiology) of the gastrointestinal organs containing the program of material through the stomach and digestive system (motility), the assimilation and ingestion of supplements into the body, expulsion of waste from the system, and the control of the liver as a digestive organ. It contains normal and some particular digestive disorders, for example, colon polyps and Cancer, hepatitis, Gastroesophageal reflux (acid reflux), Ulcer related disorders, colitis, gallbladder, and biliary tract sickness, dietary issues, Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS), and pancreatitis. Expands, all basic action, and illness of the stomach related organs are a piece of the study of Gastroenterology.

The liver is responsible for many critical functions within the body. It helps your body digest food, store energy, and remove poisons. If it becomes diseased or injured, the loss of those functions can cause significant damage to the body. There are over 100 different forms of liver disease that affect men, women and children. These diseases include cirrhosis, alcohol abuse, hepatitis A, B, C, D, and E, Epstein Barr virus (infectious mononucleosis), non-alcoholic fatty liver disease and iron overload (hemochromatosis). The main symptoms of liver imbalance include weakness and fatigue, weight loss, nausea, vomiting, and yellow discolouration of the skin (jaundice)

Inherited Liver Diseases are genetically transferred from ancestors to the parents, grandchildren.
The most important and chronic hereditary liver diseases vary from person to the person. Now a day’s scientists are telling that liver cancer is also a hereditary disease.

Important inherited disorders causing acute and chronic liver diseases include hemochromatosis, Wilson's disease, alpha 1-antiprotease and cystic fibrosis. Important inherited disorders causing acute and chronic liver disease include hemochromatosis, Wilson's disease, alpha 1-antiprotease and cystic fibrosis. Alpha 1-antiprotease is due to deficiency of antitrypsin.

<p justify;\"="" style="text-align: justify;">The liver is the largest gland in the body, and conducts a myriad of vital metabolic and excretory functions. In addition, by virtue of its circulatory relationship to the absorptive surface of the gastrointestinal tract, the liver is the initial site where ingested nutrients, and other substances entering via the gastrointestinal tract, such as drugs and bacterial metabolites, are processed by the body. Thus, the liver is a gate-keeper that can process useful substances while detoxifying orally absorbed substances that are potentially harmful, such as toxic xenobiotics

Cirrhosis is a late stage of scarring (fibrosis) of the liver caused by many forms of liver diseases and conditions, such as hepatitis and chronic alcoholism. Cirrhosis occurs in response to damage to your liver. Each time your liver is injured, it tries to repair itself. In the process, scar tissue forms. As cirrhosis progresses, more and more scar tissue forms, making it difficult for the liver to function. Cirrhosis occurs in response to damage to your liver. Each time your liver is injured, it tries to repair itself. In the process, scar tissue forms. As cirrhosis progresses, more and more scar tissue forms, making it difficult for the liver to function which include Fluid accumulation in your abdomen (ascites), Confusion, drowsiness and slurred speech (hepatic encephalopathy), Testicular atrophy in men, Breast enlargement in men. Cirrhosis can also cause portal hypertension, Enlargement of the spleen (splenomegaly)

<p style="\&quot;text-align:" justify;\"="">Liver imaging is basically for precise diagnosing biliary tract issue and is imperative for identifying liver injuries or damage and patients with a suspected malignancy is important because the liver is the common site of metastatic spread and those who are at the risk of developing hepatocellular carcinoma.

<p style="\&quot;text-align:" justify;\"="">Hepatic irritation is a typical finding amid an assortment of liver sicknesses including drug-prompted liver poisonous quality. The provocative phenotype can be credited to the intrinsic safe reaction produced by Kupffer cells, monocytes, neutrophils, and lymphocytes. The versatile invulnerable framework is additionally affected by the intrinsic resistant reaction prompting liver harm.

The liver is the body’s largest internal organ that sits on the right hand side of the belly. It is an essential organ that has many functions in the body, including making proteins and blood clotting factors, manufacturing triglycerides and  cholesterol, glycogen synthesis and bile production. The liver filters the blood coming from the digestive tract and detoxifies the chemicals and metabolizes the vitamins, proteins, fats, carbohydrates and drugs. The liver secrets the bile that ends up back in the intestine.

Liver pathology is altered in HRS while kidney histology is normal. It is a trichrome stain (chicken wire appearance) cirrhosis of the liver, the most common cause of HRS. The diagnosis of hepatorenal syndrome is depends on laboratory tests of individuals susceptible conditions.

Hepato-renal syndrome (often abbreviated HRS) is a life-threatening medical condition that consists of rapid deterioration in kidney function in individuals with cirrhosis or fulminant liver failure. HRS is usually fatal unless a liver transplant is performed, although various treatments, such as dialysis, can prevent advancement of the condition.

HRS can affect individuals with cirrhosis, severe alcoholic hepatitis, or liver failure, and usually occurs when liver function deteriorates rapidly because of a sudden insult such as an infection, bleeding in the gastrointestinal tract, or overuse of diuretic medications.

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<p justify;\"="" style="text-align: justify;">Intense viral hepatitis is the most widely recognized reason for jaundice in pregnancy. The course of most popular contaminations isn't influenced by pregnancy. Jaundice is a trademark highlight of the liver malady. The clinical signs and side effects are unclear between the different types of viral hepatitis, subsequently, the differential determination requires serologic testing for an infection particular conclusion, and the finding is by a biochemical appraisal of liver capacity.

<p justify;\"="" style="text-align: justify;">The disclosure of hepatitis infection (HV) has prompted the advancement of serological tests for the discovery of counteracting agent to this newfound infection. Gatherings at more serious danger of obtaining HV contamination incorporate intravenous medication clients, haemodialysis patients, haemophiliacs and blood transfusion beneficiaries. The screening of blood givers for hostile to HV has incredibly diminished the rate of post-transfusion hepatitis. One of the real issues with HV disease is the advancement of endless hepatitis in 50 to 60% of cases, which could prompt cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma.

<p justify;\"="" style="text-align: justify;">Liver transplant is an operation that replaces a replaces a person’s diseased heart with a partial or a whole liver from a donor. A rare condition in new-born infants is Biliary atresia in which the common bile ducts, which carry bile out of liver and present between the liver and small intestine is absent or blocked. Bariatric surgery performed on people, who have obesity through a variety of procedures. Removing a tissue sample (biopsy) from the liver may help diagnose liver disease. Liver biopsy is done using a long needle inserted through the skin to extract a tissue sample and then analysed in a laboratory

Cell therapy is an emerging approach being tested in this setting. Hepatocytes are the principal cells of the liver parenchyma and are responsible for maintaining liver function. They can originate from three sources. In a normal liver, hepatocytes themselves can proliferate to restore the functional liver mass, a mechanism that could be compromised in cirrhosis. Second, the liver contains liver progenitor cells that can also proliferate and differentiate into hepatocytes.

Chronic liver diseases can lead to cirrhosis, characterised by fibrous septa dissecting the liver parenchyma, affecting both liver function (due to reduced functional mass) and normal intrahepatic venous pressure (due to increased stiffness). Antiviral treatment for hepatitis B or C virus infection, alcohol abstinence for alcohol-related liver disease, or weight loss strategies for metabolic non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, whereas other causes remain difficult to treat (like genetic disorders or autoimmune problems). Despite existing strategies, some patients still progress towards end-stage liver disease and its associated complications, including ascites, peritonitis, variceal bleeding, or hepatocellular carcinoma. No treatment is available to specifically target fibrosis and cirrhosis, and liver transplantation remains the only curative option.

<p style="\&quot;text-align:" justify;\"="">Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition the team of pediatric gastroenterologists, hepatologists, dietitians, clinicians and nurses is dedicated to helping children with common or complex gastrointestinal, liver and nutritional problems. The goals of the Gastroenterology Division are to provide outstanding medical care to persons with diseases of the gastrointestinal tract and liver, to train gastroenterology and to perform cutting-edge biomedical research to improve our understanding of digestive diseases.

<p style="\&quot;text-align:" justify;\"="">The best way to prevent hepatitis is by getting the hepatitis vaccines. Vaccination is safe and effective and it is recommended for all. Efforts to develop a hepatitis C vaccine started more than 20 years ago, when the hepatitis C virus was identified. The hepatitis C virus is more variable than are the viruses that cause hepatitis A and hepatitis B. Hepatitis C virus occurs in at least six genetically distinct forms with 50 subtypes. A global vaccine would have to protect against all these variants of the virus.

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the most widely recognized kind of essential liver growth in grown-ups and is the most well-known reason for death in individuals with cirrhosis. It happens in the setting of incessant liver aggravation and is most firmly connected to endless viral hepatitis contamination (hepatitis B or C) or introduction to poisons, for example, liquor or Aflatoxin. Certain ailments, for example, hemochromatosis and alpha 1-antitrypsin lack, particularly increment the danger of treating HCC. Similarly, as with any malignancy, the treatment and forecast of HCC differ contingent upon the specifics of tumour histology, measure, how far growth has spread, and in general wellbeing.

A liver biopsy is a procedure in which a small needle is inserted into the liver to collect a tissue sample. This is performed as an office or outpatient procedure or during surgery. The tissue is then analyzed in a laboratory to help doctors diagnose a variety of diseases and disorders in the liver. In most instances, there are no complications in obtaining a liver biopsy. However, rarely internal bleeding may occur, as well as a leak of bile from the liver or gallbladder.

Liver resection is the surgical removal of all or a portion of the liver. It is also referred to as a hepatectomy, full or partial. Complete liver resection is performed in the setting of a transplant a diseased liver is removed from a deceased donor (cadaver).  A living donor may also provide a piece of liver tissue which is procured through a partial hepatectomy. The procedure may be performed through a traditional open procedure or using minimally invasive techniques.